Russia is deploying more than 50 Pantsir systems around Moscow amid an increase in drone strikes, according to a Radio Liberty investigation.

An investigation based on satellite imagery and OSINT data shows that Russia has rebuilt more than 50 ground-to-air missile positions around Moscow since May 2023 in response to Ukrainian drone strikes. The Pantsir systems, designed to protect against aerial threats, are located in dense urban areas, which increases the risks to civilians from possible unexploded ordnance fallout. This reconfiguration of air defenses is reviving the Cold War architecture, but also brings new security challenges.