Before the LNG agreement, shipments through the Strait of Hormuz were disrupted by persistent insecurity: nearly 20 commercial vessels, mainly tankers, were attacked over the past month in the Hormuz–Persian Gulf–off Oman area, while, since July, at least nine deaths, 18 injuries, and three missing persons had been reported. Crude oil exports increased slightly in the preceding weeks, but remained below pre-conflict levels, while shipping costs and military protection kept markets under pressure.
In the maritime sphere as well, isolated attacks continued to be reported, including a strike on a tanker off Qatar, approximately 51 nautical miles from the coast. Meanwhile, Tehran announced the expansion of economic measures and warned of an “exclusion zone” for vessels, amid the intensifying conflict with the US.