UNESCO reports a global decline of 10% in freedom of expression between 2012 and 2024, similar to the regression during major conflict periods.

According to a study published by UNESCO, freedom of expression has decreased by 10% between 2012 and 2024, a regression similar to that observed during major conflict periods, such as World War I and World War II. The study highlights the increase in self-censorship among journalists and the weakening of democratic institutions. There is also an increasing hostility towards journalists and researchers, in the context of the dominance of large technology companies that facilitate disinformation.

Between 2022 and 2025, 185 journalists were killed, and self-censorship increased by 63% during the same period. The regime of digital surveillance and restrictive laws has increased, affecting independent journalism. Although internet access has increased, democracy is contracting globally, with 72% of the population living under undemocratic regimes. Catalina Botero, the chair of the UNESCO Chair for freedom of expression, emphasizes the link between freedom of expression and democracy, highlighting the impact of disinformation campaigns on journalism.